NMR supplement Hendrickson, W-A& Wuthrich, K Macromolecular 16. Leahy, D.J., Aukhil, I.& Erickson, H.P. 2.0 Cell 84 A K.D. thanks the Wellcome Trust and The queens 2D0i9 Riddiough. G. Nature Struct. Biol 18. sakaning. AK Kean. cel l8r.597-605i(eRw& by the Wellcome Trust. The authors acknowledge

NMR supplement Kinetic studies of protein folding using NMR spectroscopy Christopher M. Dobson and Peter J Hore Recent progress has advanced our abilities to use NMR spectroscopy to follow- in real time -the structural and dynamic changes taking place during protein folding

6 The noe effect c Gerd Gemmecker, 1999 Nuclear OVERHAUSER Effect(NOE): resonance line intensity changes caused by dipolare cross- relaxation from neighbouring spins with perturbed energy level populations To understand the nature of the NOE, we have to look at a two-spin system I' and

5 Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy H.C-COSY We will generally discuss heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy for x =C(in natura abundance!), since this is by far the most widely used application. However, all this can also be applied to other heteronuclear spins, like 3P, 5N, 1%F,etc In the heteronuclear case, there are some important differences that allow to

4 DQF-COSY, Relayed-COSY, TOCSY Gerd Gemmecker 1999 Double-quantum filtered cOSY The phase problem of normal COsY can be circumvented by the dQF-COSY, using the MQc term generated by the second 90 pulse Ilz cos( @2t1) cos( t1) polarization

3 Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy C Gerd Gemmecker 1999 Models used for the description of NMR experiments 1. energy level diagram: only for polarisations, not dependent phenom

2 Basis Principles of FT NMR C Gerd Gemmecker 1999 Nuclei in magnetic fields Atomic nuclei are composed of nucleons, i.e., protons and neutrons. Each of these particles shows a property named\spin\(behaving like an angular momentum) that adds up to the total spin of the

第一章 遗传的细胞学基础 第二章 分离规律 第三章 独立分配规律 第四章 性状连锁规律 第五章 数量性状的遗传 第六章 近亲繁殖与杂种优势 第七章 染色体结构变异 第八章 染色体数目变异 第九章 遗传物质的分子基础 第十章 基因突变 第十一章 细菌和病毒遗传 第十二章 细胞质遗传

第一定律—分高定律:在杂种中,1对等位基因在形成配子时发生分离的现象。相关 的重要术语:(1)显性与隐性杂种F1表现出来的性状称为显性,没有表现出来的性状 称为隐性。通常用大写字母表示显性性状,用相应的小写字母表示隐性性状。(2)杂 合子与纯合子杂合子是不同类型配子的结合,等位基因是不同的,不能真实遗传,杂 种后代发生分离;纯合子是同类型配子的结合,等位基因是相同的,能真实遗传。(3) 表现型和基因型表现型是动物个体表现出的性状,基因型表示动物个体的遗传组成

动物区系:某一地区在历史发展过程中形成的、并在现代生态条件下存在的动物群。 整个动物界分为大陆动物区系和海洋动物区系两种。两者的主要区别在于:(1)海 洋动物进化发展较慢,结构较简单原始,且门类繁多。而大陆动物结构复杂而高级。 (2)海洋动物有极其丰富的高级分类阶元,而大陆动物高级分类阶元较少,但物 种数目比海洋动物丰富得多。现代生物区系的形成,传统的观点是:基于生物类群 起源中心和物种扩散的模式;新兴学派(隔离分化生物地理学)的观点是:现代生 物区系分布的总体特征是由地理变化导致祖先区系的分化所决定的 世界陆地动物区系: