8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Homolytic bond dissociation nergies 7.3 The reactions of alkanes with halogens

Chapter 6 Ionic Reactions--- Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkylhalides (卤代烃的亲核取代反 Because halogen atoms are more electronegative 应和消除反应） than carbon, the carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarized; the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, the halogen atom a partial negative charge

5.1 Isomerism: Constitutionalisomers and Stereoisomers 5.2 Enantiomers and chiral

cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane

The important of acid-base reaction: 1. is a simple, fundamental reaction. 2. enable you to see the mechanism of the reaction 3. illustrate the process of bond breaking and bond making 4. examine important ideas about the relationship between the structure of molecules and their reactivity

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

Of the three groups of biopolymers, protein have the most diverse function. Most of its molecular weights are much larger. Their shaps cover a range from the globular protein to the helical coils of a α–keratin. But all proteins have common features. Proteins are polyamides and their monomeric units are about 20 different α-amino acids

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates