Introduction Alkynes contain a triple bond. General formula is C.H2n-2 Two elements of unsaturation for each triple bond. · Some reactions are like alkenes: addition and oxidation. · Some reactions are specific to alkynes

Reactivity of C=C C—C Electrons in pi bond are loosely held Electrophiles are attracted to the pi electrons. · Carbocation intermediate forms. Nucleophile adds to the carbocation. · Net result is addition to the double bond

Functional Group Pi bond is the functional group. · More reactive than sigma bond. · Bond dissociation energies:

Classes of Halides Alkyl: Halogen, X, is directly bonded to sp3 carbon. Vinyl: X is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene. Aryl: is bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring. Examples:

Chirality \Handedness\: right glove doesn't fit the left hand. Mirror-image object is different from the original object

To determine reaction''s mechanism, look at: Equilibrium constant Free energy change Enthalpy Entropy Bond dissociation energy Kinetics >Activation energy

Alkane Formulas All C-C single bonds Saturated with hydrogens Ratio:H n2n+2 Alkane homologs:ch3(ch2)nCH3 Same ratio for branched alkanes

Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, w, mathematical description of size, shape, orientation Amplitude may be positive or negative Node: amplitude is zero

Definitions ·ld:“derived from living organisms New: \chemistry of carbon compounds\ From inorganic to organic, Wohler, 1828

Example: In 1 liter pure water add 0.01 mol of hydrochloric acid. Calculate this solution's ph change value. And in 1 liter contain 0.1 mol acetic acid and 0. acetate ion mixture solution add 0.01mol of hydrochloric acid. Calculate this solution ph change value. Notice: Square bracket will instead of equilibrium concentration in following time. Such as [H+] instead hydrogen ion equilibrium concentration