通常采用的制高纯镍的方法是将粗镍在323K与CO反应.生成的经提纯后在约473K分解得到纯镍.试由热力学数据分析讨论该方法提纯镍的合理性.已△.H° =-161kJ.mol-1,△.S° =-420J.mol-1.K-323KNi(CO)4 (I)Ni(s) +CO(g)S473KAG= AH- TAST≤383K则当T<383K时，反应正方向进行，T>383K时逆向进行11
11 通常采用的制高纯镍的方法是将粗镍在323K与 CO反应,生成的经提纯后在约473K分解得到纯 镍.试由热力学数据分析讨论该方法提纯镍的合 理性.已知 ΔG= ΔH- TΔS T ≤ 383K 则当T＜ 383K时，反应正方向进行， T> 383K时逆向进行。 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 473 323 Ni s CO g Ni CO l K K ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ + 1 1 1 161 , 420 − − − r H = − k J mol r S = − J mol K
1-5 Alloys熔化状态时金属与非金属相互溶解/混合，形成合金：是具有金属特性的多种元素的混合物。多数合金的熔点低于它的任何一种成分金属的熔点，导热性低得多；硬度高于其中任一种；性质有很大不同。如：生铁,Fe/C；不锈钢Fe/Cr/Ni，耐酸钢低共熔混合物：两种金属的非均匀混合物（p区金属）最低共熔点温度对应之合金组成叫做共熔混合物.如焊锡是Sn、Pb之低共熔点合金(454K)。金属固溶体：置换固溶体：当两种金属的结构相同，半径相近，原子的价电子构型、电负性相近，如Cu一Au,Mo一W缺位固溶体：如FeO、Feo.95O，缺铁非整比化合物，导电率增大间隙固溶体：溶质原子分布在溶剂原子晶格的间隙中，（C、B、NH）半径很小例1，C溶入一Fe所形成的间隙固溶体称为奥氏体例2，金属氢化物金属间化合物（金属互化物）例: LaNis，TiFe12
12 1-5 Alloys 熔化状态时金属与非金属相互溶解/混合，形成合金；是具有金 属特性的多种元素的混合物。多数合金的熔点低于它的任何一种 成分金属的熔点，导热性低得多；硬度高于其中任一种；性质有 很大不同。如：生铁, Fe/C ; 不锈钢 Fe/Cr/Ni，耐酸钢 低共熔混合物：两种金属的非均匀混合物（p区金属） 最低共熔点温度对应之合金组成叫做共熔混合物. 如焊锡是Sn、Pb 之低共熔点合金(454K)。 金属固溶体： 置换固溶体：当两种金属的结构相同，半径相近，原子的价电子构 型、电负性相近，如Cu—Au , Mo—W 缺位固溶体：如FeO、Fe0.95O，缺铁非整比化合物，导电率增大 间隙固溶体：溶质原子分布在溶剂原子晶格的间隙中，（C、B、N、 H）半径很小 例1，C溶入γ—Fe所形成的间隙固溶体称为奥氏体 例2，金属氢化物 金属间化合物（金属互化物） 例: LaNi5 , TiFe
2 Elements in s - Block2-1Generalproperties ofthe alkalimetals and alkalineearths2-2 Compounds2-2-1Hydride2--220xide/Peroxide过氧化物O,2-/Superoxide超氧化物Oz-/Ozonide臭氧化物O32-2-3CoordinationcompoundsChelatedcompounds警合物Crown ether complexesOrganometalliccompounds2-3 Chemical products2-3-1Preparationsofsaltsbyconcentratingseawater(浓缩海水制盐）2-3-2 Applications of Mg (OH)22-3-3Li2-3-4Preparationofbariumsalt2-4Solubilityof salts13
13 2 Elements in s - Block 2-1 General properties of the alkalimetals and alkaline earths 2-2 Compounds 2-2-1 Hydride 2-22 Oxide / Peroxide过氧化物O2 2- / Superoxide超氧化物O2 - / Ozonide臭氧化物O3 - 2-2-3 Coordination compounds Chelated compounds螯合物 Crown ether complexes Organometallic compounds 2-3 Chemical products 2-3-1 Preparations ofsalts by concentrating seawater(浓缩海水制盐) 2-3-2 Applications of Mg (OH)2 2-3-3Li 2-3-4 Preparation of barium salt 2-4 Solubility of salts
2-1 General propertiesHydrogenLithiumBerylliumSodiumMagnesiumPotassiumCalciumStrontiumRubidiumCesiumBariumThe Alkali Metals comprise the left-most column of the periodic table. As arule, you wouldn't want any around the house in pure form, thoughas acompound they can be quite tasty.Hydrogen is an anomaly(反常):It's traditional to put it in this column, but itreally has very little in common with the rest. The others are soft metals thatreact violently with water to release hydrogen gas, which either bubbles off or14spontaneously ignites depending on how far down you are on the table
14 2-1 General properties Hydrogen Lithium Beryllium Sodium Magnesium Potassium Calcium Rubidium Strontium Cesium Barium The Alkali Metals comprise the left-most column of the periodic table. As a rule, you wouldn't want any around the house in pure form, though as a compound they can be quite tasty. Hydrogen is an anomaly(反常): It's traditional to put it in this column, but it really has very little in common with the rest. The others are soft metals that react violently with water to release hydrogen gas, which either bubbles off or spontaneously ignites depending on how far down you are on the table