Chapter 4 Acid-Base EquilibriaThree issues:溶液理论Acid-BaseTheoryAcid-BaseEquilibria
1 Chapter 4 Acid-Base Equilibria Three issues： 溶液理论 Acid-Base Theory Acid-Base Equilibria
1. Solutions1.1 Concentration unitsno.moles soluteM(1) Molarity (M)no.liters solutionno.moles solute(2) Molality (m)m :no.kiligra ms solvent
2 1. Solutions 1.1 Concentration units no.liters solution no.moles solute (1) Molarity (M) M = (2) Molality (m) no.kiligra ms solvent no.moles solute m =
(3) Mole fraction (X)no.moles AXAtotal no.moles all componentsXa+Xp +... =1
3 (3) Mole fraction (X) total no.moles all components no.moles A XA = XA +XB + . = 1
1-2 Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutionsThose solution properties which depend primarily on theconcentration of solute particles rather than their nature arecalledcolligativeproperties(依数性）.Fourphysicalpropertiesof solutions are the same for all nonvolatile solutes:vaporpressureloweringboilingpointelevationfreezingpointdepression·osmoticpressure
4 1-2 Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions Those solution properties which depend primarily on the concentration of solute particles rather than their nature are called colligative properties(依数性). Four physical properties of solutions are the same for all nonvolatile solutes: •vapor pressure lowering •boiling point elevation •freezing point depression •osmotic pressure
760WaterSolutionIceBoilingFreezingpointpointloweringelevationA0B100Temperature,C
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